Apr. 23, 2023
ゲーム理論と社会的選択理論の接点 －－規範経済学の方法論的省察－－
Where Game Theory Meets Social Choice Theory: Reflections on the Methodology of Normative Economics
要旨Abstract
本稿は，ゲーム理論と社会的選択理論が提起した囚人のジレンマとリベラルパラドックスを合わせ鏡として，ヒュームとルソーが残した認識論的テーゼと道徳論的テーゼの未接合問題を検討する．それは近代が残した難問，慎慮と正義の相剋，認識と行為の矛盾を鋭く抉り出す．本稿は，一元化アプローチ(因果的必然性)に傾きがちな実証科学の到達点と限界を問い，規範への多元論的アプローチの妥当性と実現可能性を探る．より具体的には次の諸点を明らかにする．個人的な目標としての道徳や倫理は本人の合意や納得のもとで，特定の個人に非対称的な不利益を押し付ける結果となりかねない．一元的な効用指標に基づく分析は現にあるはずの不正義を覆い隠しかねない．それを防ぐ鍵は，利益主体であり，認識主体であり，行為主体でもある個人の選好評価における多元性の尊重にある．問題の在り処と解決の糸口を明晰に示す理論は，多様な個人が，自己の個別特殊な問題状況を一定のモデル(範型)やカテゴリー(範疇)で記述し直す営み，それにより，個人的問題をより普遍的問題として公共的討議の場に提起する営みの一助となる．
This paper examines the problem of the disjunction of epistemological and moral theses left by Hume and Rousseau, using the prisoner's dilemma and the liberal paradox posed by the game theory and the social choice theory as a combination mirror. It sharply exposes the intractable problems left by modernity, the conflict between prudence and justice, and the contradiction between cognition and action. This paper questions the reach and limits of empirical science, which tends to lean toward a monic approach (causal necessity), and explores the validity and feasibility of a pluralistic approach to norms. More specifically, the following points will be clarified. Morality and ethics as personal goals may result in imposing asymmetrical disadvantages on specific individuals, with their consent and acceptance. An analysis based on a one-dimensional utility index may mask injustices that should be present. The key to preventing this lies in respecting the pluralism in the evaluation of the preferences of individuals, who are interest agencies, cognitive agencies, and action agencies. A theory that clearly shows where the problems are and how to solve them will help diverse individuals to re-describe their own particular problematic situations in terms of certain models and categories, and thereby to bring their personal problems to public debate as more universal problems.
書誌情報Bibliographic information
Vol. 72, No. 2, 2021 , pp. 169-193
HERMES-IR（一橋大学機関リポジトリ）: https://doi.org/10.15057/71670
JEL Classification Codes: B30, A12
