新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響下におけるワーク・ライフ・バランス
Work-Life Balance, Well-Being, and Productivity with Remote Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan
要旨Abstract
新型コロナウイルス感染症蔓延への対応として，外出自粛とともに，仕事面でもテレワークの導入が促進され，従来より長い時間家庭に留まる人が増えた．本稿はテレワークの急速な普及が夫婦間における家事・育児負担感や時間，満足度や主観的な生産性等にどう影響したかについて，内閣府が行った「新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響下における生活意識・行動の変化に関する調査」を用いて子育て世帯を中心に分析した．その結果，子どもをもつ男性の場合，テレワークを実施した人は，それをしなかった人と比べて，家事・育児負担感とその実際の時間が感染症拡大前と比べて増えたこと，生活満足度は高まるが，生産性は低くなったと感じていることが明らかになった．一方，子どもをもつ女性の場合，テレワークを実施した人は，それをしなかった人に比べて家事・育児負担が増えたと回答する傾向があるものの，実際の育児・家事時間や生活満足度に差はなかった．男性，女性ともに，2020年5 月には感染症拡大前に比べて仕事の生産性，労働時間，すべての満足度指標は大きく落ち込んだものの，多くの指標は徐々に回復がみられた．最新データの2021年秋では，仕事満足度，社会とのつながり，生活の楽しさについては，依然，感染症拡大前の水準には回復していない．特に，未婚者の満足度指標の回復が遅れている．一方，子どものいる男女の場合，家事・育児時間や家族と過ごす時間については増加して，感染症拡大前の水準よりも高くとどまっており，人々が家庭や生活に従来よりウェイトを置いたワーク・ライフ・バランスの方向に今後大きく変わっていくかもしれない．
Using the Survey on Changes in Attitudes and Behaviors Resulting from the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, conducted by the Cabinet Office of the Government of Japan, we examine the impact of the pandemic on work-life conditions in Japan, such as subjective work productivity, subjective well-being, and the division of housework between spouses, during the first two years of the pandemic. Compared to pre-pandemic levels, married couples with children report that they have increased their share of housework and the time spent on it as well as time spent with their family members. Married men who work remotely report that compared to pre-pandemic times, they assume a greater share of housework and spend more time doing it, and they also share more time with their family than those who do not work remotely. Moreover, they report a greater level of life satisfaction than that of non-remote workers. By contrast, married women with children who work remotely report that compared to pre-pandemic times, they bear a greater share of housework than those who do not work remotely. However, their time spent on housework and with their family are not significantly different from those who do not work remotely. Regarding subjective work productivity, married women with children in regular employment who work remotely report higher productivity since the pandemic, whereas those in nonregular employment report lower productivity. For men and women, compared to pre-pandemic levels, various well-being measures dropped significantly by May 2020, when the first survey was conducted soon after the pandemic had begun, but gradually returned to pre-pandemic levels in October 2021, when the fourth and most recent survey was conducted. However, three of the six well-being measures (namely, job satisfaction, social ties, and life enjoyment) had not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels. Unmarried men lagged behind married men in their levels of well-being in October 2021, particularly in terms of social ties and life enjoyment.
書誌情報Bibliographic information
Vol. 73, No. 4, 2022 , pp. 358-391
HERMES-IR（一橋大学機関リポジトリ）: https://hdl.handle.net/10086/74344
JEL Classification Codes: J16, J22, J81
